♘امیرحسین♞
♘ مدیریت انجمن اسب ایران ♞
آیا میدانید چه داروهایی بعنوان دوپینگ در کورس مصرف میشود؟
دوپینگ در کورس
- شروع کننده موضوع ♘امیرحسین♞
- تاریخ شروع
♘امیرحسین♞
♘ مدیریت انجمن اسب ایران ♞
Anabolic steroid use in US racehorses likely to end
The use of anabolic steroids to enhance the performance of United States racehorses could be at an end by the end of 2008.
Some racing jurisdictions in the US are out step with the rest of the racing world in allowing the use of anabolic steroids in racehorses.
The industry has been accused of lagging behind other sporting groups in steroid control and federal controls have been threatened.
Proposals being pushed by several industry groups, including the US National Thoroughbred Racing Association (NTRA), could see a ban in place by the year's end.
NTRA president Alex Waldrop has just testified before the Congressional Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection, which is hearing evidence and submissions on drug use in sport.
The committee decided to extend its probe into the racing industry.
Mr Wardrop told the committee that the NTRA membership includes 65 racetracks and 40 national and state horsemen's groups drawn from 23 states. NTRA member racetracks and horsemen account for about 90 percent of all races run in North America.
"In 2007, nearly 107,000 US horses made 918,000 starts in 116,000 races. Our industry tested at least one horse from every one of those races. We test every race, every day, screening for up to 200 drugs in one sample."
Collectively, racing spends between $30 million and $35m annually on equine drug testing, and nearly $1.4m on research and development into new tests and procedures.
Mr Wardrop said Of the 130,000 samples tested in 2006 - the latest year with complete statistics - only three were positive for a purely performance-enhancing Class 1 drug such as cocaine. The other 27 "drug positives" were for overages of properly prescribed, legal, therapeutic medications.
"The vast majority of these overages were caused by human error in judging withdrawal times for prescribed therapeutic medications prior to a race."
Mr Wardrop said racing commissioners and the Racing Medication and Testing Consortium (RMTC) have done important work in the area of therapeutic medications and drug-testing policy, with both now calling for the adoption of a rule that would effectively prohibit the use of anabolic steroids in racehorses by the end of 2008.
"Let me be clear," Mr Wardrop told the committee. "Anabolic steroids have therapeutic value in treating racehorses. They are most often prescribed when a horse is recovering from illness or surgery. However, horsemen, tracks and breeders all agree that racehorses should not compete on anabolic steroids.
"In practice, that means that anabolic steroids must be withdrawn from a horse's medication regimen at least a month before its next race. This ensures that any benefit the animal received as a result of the administration will be gone by the time of the race.
"In addition, minute levels of only four individual anabolic steroids will be permitted in post-race samples. Two anabolic steroids - stanozolol and boldenone - are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use in horses.
"Boldenone and two other accepted anabolic steroids, nandrolone and testosterone, are also naturally occurring substances. The model rules state that no more than one of these anabolic steroids may be present in any given sample. Any other anabolic steroid is simply illegal."
The rule would ensure these medications are used solely for therapeutic purposes and none is used in a manner that enhances the performance of a horse in any race.
The rule has been or is being adopted by Washington, Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, California, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York and Virginia.
Kentucky, Texas, Florida and Maryland are among the many other states that are expected to support the model rule as well.
"The states mentioned here account for nearly 60% of races run in the United States and we continue to work with the remaining jurisdictions to secure their support."
The rule is based on 30 years of science and testing in European and Asian countries using urine samples, he said.
"Our industry supports further research to provide threshold levels and withdrawal times in both urine and blood plasma.
"Testing in plasma may be more accurate and less expensive. RMTC currently is funding research at the University of Florida that will provide guidelines for plasma samples. Similar research is underway in New York, Texas and Pennsylvania.
What remains at issue is the very practical concern of uniform enforcement of the model rule while we await additional research. As previously mentioned, a number of states have already adopted the model rule. Others want to wait until the science is more complete. NTRA, RMTC and RCI are united in saying, "be in compliance by December 31, 2008."
Mr Wardrop said the horse industry is united in its efforts to protect the health of our equine athletes and the integrity of our sport.
Some racing jurisdictions in the US are out step with the rest of the racing world in allowing the use of anabolic steroids in racehorses.
The industry has been accused of lagging behind other sporting groups in steroid control and federal controls have been threatened.
Proposals being pushed by several industry groups, including the US National Thoroughbred Racing Association (NTRA), could see a ban in place by the year's end.
NTRA president Alex Waldrop has just testified before the Congressional Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection, which is hearing evidence and submissions on drug use in sport.
The committee decided to extend its probe into the racing industry.
Mr Wardrop told the committee that the NTRA membership includes 65 racetracks and 40 national and state horsemen's groups drawn from 23 states. NTRA member racetracks and horsemen account for about 90 percent of all races run in North America.
"In 2007, nearly 107,000 US horses made 918,000 starts in 116,000 races. Our industry tested at least one horse from every one of those races. We test every race, every day, screening for up to 200 drugs in one sample."
Collectively, racing spends between $30 million and $35m annually on equine drug testing, and nearly $1.4m on research and development into new tests and procedures.
Mr Wardrop said Of the 130,000 samples tested in 2006 - the latest year with complete statistics - only three were positive for a purely performance-enhancing Class 1 drug such as cocaine. The other 27 "drug positives" were for overages of properly prescribed, legal, therapeutic medications.
"The vast majority of these overages were caused by human error in judging withdrawal times for prescribed therapeutic medications prior to a race."
Mr Wardrop said racing commissioners and the Racing Medication and Testing Consortium (RMTC) have done important work in the area of therapeutic medications and drug-testing policy, with both now calling for the adoption of a rule that would effectively prohibit the use of anabolic steroids in racehorses by the end of 2008.
"Let me be clear," Mr Wardrop told the committee. "Anabolic steroids have therapeutic value in treating racehorses. They are most often prescribed when a horse is recovering from illness or surgery. However, horsemen, tracks and breeders all agree that racehorses should not compete on anabolic steroids.
"In practice, that means that anabolic steroids must be withdrawn from a horse's medication regimen at least a month before its next race. This ensures that any benefit the animal received as a result of the administration will be gone by the time of the race.
"In addition, minute levels of only four individual anabolic steroids will be permitted in post-race samples. Two anabolic steroids - stanozolol and boldenone - are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use in horses.
"Boldenone and two other accepted anabolic steroids, nandrolone and testosterone, are also naturally occurring substances. The model rules state that no more than one of these anabolic steroids may be present in any given sample. Any other anabolic steroid is simply illegal."
The rule would ensure these medications are used solely for therapeutic purposes and none is used in a manner that enhances the performance of a horse in any race.
The rule has been or is being adopted by Washington, Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, California, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York and Virginia.
Kentucky, Texas, Florida and Maryland are among the many other states that are expected to support the model rule as well.
"The states mentioned here account for nearly 60% of races run in the United States and we continue to work with the remaining jurisdictions to secure their support."
The rule is based on 30 years of science and testing in European and Asian countries using urine samples, he said.
"Our industry supports further research to provide threshold levels and withdrawal times in both urine and blood plasma.
"Testing in plasma may be more accurate and less expensive. RMTC currently is funding research at the University of Florida that will provide guidelines for plasma samples. Similar research is underway in New York, Texas and Pennsylvania.
What remains at issue is the very practical concern of uniform enforcement of the model rule while we await additional research. As previously mentioned, a number of states have already adopted the model rule. Others want to wait until the science is more complete. NTRA, RMTC and RCI are united in saying, "be in compliance by December 31, 2008."
Mr Wardrop said the horse industry is united in its efforts to protect the health of our equine athletes and the integrity of our sport.
persianhorse
Member
سهراب گفت:
اول فاميلش هم ق بود حتما"!!!!
البته يکي دوتا نیستند و از اين خیرين در کورس که هيچ در پرش هم زياد ديده ميشه! قشري زحمت کش که در موفقيت سوارکاران نقش دارند!!!!
امير جان ايتحا انگار گزينه تشکر نداره
ممنون
Dr_Ghaffari
Active member
خدا را شكر كه "ق" است و "غ" نيست !
احسان
Active member
Hormon haye Esteroidi hast digeh yek seri daro ham hast ke mitoni estefade koni ke ye dose moshakhas dare va yek zamane moshakhas ghable Mosabeghe kors mesle phenylbutazone ke to bazi az keshvarha hata kamelan estefade az in daro be mizane kamesh ham Doping hast digeh ye daroye digeh Furosemide hast ke dar asbhye ke badaz kors dochare srfehaye khoni mishand midahand ke bimarye EIPH hast ke in daro ham dopinge hast bazi ha miyand darohaye niroza midand ghable kors bad furosemide midand ke daro nirozaro az edrar dafe beshe ta test doping mosbat nashand daraohaye Esteroidi ro ham age khastid badan age kesi khast Takhasosi tar migam ;D
www.horsevet.blogfa.com
;Dwww.horsevet.blogfa.com
nnegar.k
New member
تاریخچه دوپینگ و انواع آن
کلمه دوپینگ ریشه در زبان محلی کشور آفریقای جنوبی دارد. در این کشور نوعی نوشیدنی قدیمی به همین نام وجود دارد که بومیان این منطقه در زمان انجام مراسم و آئین های سنتی خود، نوعی رقص محلی ، با نوشیدن آن می توانند بدون احساس خستگی برای مدت طولانی به انجام مراسم خود بپردازند.
دوپینگ در مفهوم کلی به استفاده از مواد نیروزا جهت افزایش توان جسمی و ذهنی در ورزشکاران اطلاق شده و نوعی تقلب است که علاوه بر انحطاط اخلاقی می تواند حتی منجر به مرگ گردد. از رایجترین روشها برای مصرف مواد و داروهای دوپینگی (انرژی زا) می توان به استعمال این مواد از طریق خوردن ، نوشیدن و تزریق اشاره کرد. روش دیگر که کمتر مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد دوپینگ خونی است بدین شکل که فرد خون شخص دیگر (با گروه خونی یکسان) را بعد از نگهداری به خود تزریق می کند . بدینوسیله اکسیژن رسانی به عضلات بیشتر گردیده و قدرت عضلات پایدارتر می ماند.
در دامپزشکی مسئله دوپینگ به طور رسمی در سال 1912 طرح گردید و پس از آن برخی قوانین در سال 1930 وضع شد و از آن زمان به بعد از اسبها و به ویژه اسبهای قهرمان جهت بررسی مصرف مواد نیروزا آزمایش به عمل آمد که عمدتاً از طریق ادرار و یا خون می باشد.
داروهای دوپینگ را به چهار دسته اصلی طبقه بندی کرده اند:
دسته اول : داروهای محرک سیستم اعصاب مرکزی مانند آمفتامین و مورفین که با افزایش هوشیاری باعث رفع خستگی می شود.
دسته دوم : داروهای مخدر مانند متادون و کافئین که این داروها ، تسکین دهنده درد اعصاب مرکزی بوده و کارکرد آنها به عنوان کاهش دهنده فعالیت این سیستم است.
دسته سوم : استروئیدهای آنابولیک مانند تستسترون . آنها رشد ماهيچه هاي اسکلتي (اثرهاي آنابوليک) و نمو ويژگي هاي جنسي مردانه (اثرهاي آندروژني) را تقويت مي کنند .
دسته چهارم : برخی از انواع هورمونها مانند هورمون رشد
در کنار این چهار دسته داروهای دیگری نیز وجود دارند که مصرف بیش از اندازه آنها دوپینگ تلقی می گردد مانند ، ضد التهابها ، بی حس کننده های موضعی ، شل کننده های عضلانی و ...
در ورزش اسبدوانی مسئله دوپینگ از دو جهت قابل بررسی است . اول احترام و ارج نهادن به اخلاق ورزشی و دوم صدمات وارده و عوارض ناشی از استفاده از این مواد بر روی اسب که باعث بروز مخالفت های شدیدی در میان دوستداران این ورزش گردیده است. استفاده از مواد نیروزا باعث وارد آمدن فشار بیش از توان طبیعی به اسب می شود که در این شرایط پس از اتمام دوره ورزشی اسب ، اندام حرکتی حیوان دچار مشکلات جدی خواهد شد (مانند لنگش ، کشیدگی گیگامانها و قره قوش) و همچنین متابولیسم بدن آن ، تا مدتها به حالت عادی خود بر نمی گردد و برخی از اندام های داخلی همانند قلب ، کبد و کلیه دچار آسیب های جدی شده و درصد ناباروری را افزایش می دهد.
امید است در کشورمان نیز با این عمل خلاف اخلاق ورزشی؟ از سوی مالکان و مربیان بطور جدی پیگیری های لازم صورت پذیرد تا در آینده ای نه چندان دور ، دیگر شاهد دوپینگ در هیچ میدان اسبدوانی نباشیم.
البته مطالب خیلی بیشتر از ایناست ادامه ی مطالب رو بعدا خواهم گذاشت:dodgy:
کلمه دوپینگ ریشه در زبان محلی کشور آفریقای جنوبی دارد. در این کشور نوعی نوشیدنی قدیمی به همین نام وجود دارد که بومیان این منطقه در زمان انجام مراسم و آئین های سنتی خود، نوعی رقص محلی ، با نوشیدن آن می توانند بدون احساس خستگی برای مدت طولانی به انجام مراسم خود بپردازند.
دوپینگ در مفهوم کلی به استفاده از مواد نیروزا جهت افزایش توان جسمی و ذهنی در ورزشکاران اطلاق شده و نوعی تقلب است که علاوه بر انحطاط اخلاقی می تواند حتی منجر به مرگ گردد. از رایجترین روشها برای مصرف مواد و داروهای دوپینگی (انرژی زا) می توان به استعمال این مواد از طریق خوردن ، نوشیدن و تزریق اشاره کرد. روش دیگر که کمتر مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد دوپینگ خونی است بدین شکل که فرد خون شخص دیگر (با گروه خونی یکسان) را بعد از نگهداری به خود تزریق می کند . بدینوسیله اکسیژن رسانی به عضلات بیشتر گردیده و قدرت عضلات پایدارتر می ماند.
در دامپزشکی مسئله دوپینگ به طور رسمی در سال 1912 طرح گردید و پس از آن برخی قوانین در سال 1930 وضع شد و از آن زمان به بعد از اسبها و به ویژه اسبهای قهرمان جهت بررسی مصرف مواد نیروزا آزمایش به عمل آمد که عمدتاً از طریق ادرار و یا خون می باشد.
داروهای دوپینگ را به چهار دسته اصلی طبقه بندی کرده اند:
دسته اول : داروهای محرک سیستم اعصاب مرکزی مانند آمفتامین و مورفین که با افزایش هوشیاری باعث رفع خستگی می شود.
دسته دوم : داروهای مخدر مانند متادون و کافئین که این داروها ، تسکین دهنده درد اعصاب مرکزی بوده و کارکرد آنها به عنوان کاهش دهنده فعالیت این سیستم است.
دسته سوم : استروئیدهای آنابولیک مانند تستسترون . آنها رشد ماهيچه هاي اسکلتي (اثرهاي آنابوليک) و نمو ويژگي هاي جنسي مردانه (اثرهاي آندروژني) را تقويت مي کنند .
دسته چهارم : برخی از انواع هورمونها مانند هورمون رشد
در کنار این چهار دسته داروهای دیگری نیز وجود دارند که مصرف بیش از اندازه آنها دوپینگ تلقی می گردد مانند ، ضد التهابها ، بی حس کننده های موضعی ، شل کننده های عضلانی و ...
در ورزش اسبدوانی مسئله دوپینگ از دو جهت قابل بررسی است . اول احترام و ارج نهادن به اخلاق ورزشی و دوم صدمات وارده و عوارض ناشی از استفاده از این مواد بر روی اسب که باعث بروز مخالفت های شدیدی در میان دوستداران این ورزش گردیده است. استفاده از مواد نیروزا باعث وارد آمدن فشار بیش از توان طبیعی به اسب می شود که در این شرایط پس از اتمام دوره ورزشی اسب ، اندام حرکتی حیوان دچار مشکلات جدی خواهد شد (مانند لنگش ، کشیدگی گیگامانها و قره قوش) و همچنین متابولیسم بدن آن ، تا مدتها به حالت عادی خود بر نمی گردد و برخی از اندام های داخلی همانند قلب ، کبد و کلیه دچار آسیب های جدی شده و درصد ناباروری را افزایش می دهد.
امید است در کشورمان نیز با این عمل خلاف اخلاق ورزشی؟ از سوی مالکان و مربیان بطور جدی پیگیری های لازم صورت پذیرد تا در آینده ای نه چندان دور ، دیگر شاهد دوپینگ در هیچ میدان اسبدوانی نباشیم.
البته مطالب خیلی بیشتر از ایناست ادامه ی مطالب رو بعدا خواهم گذاشت:dodgy:
احسان
Active member
خوب دکتر جان اين دوتا کلاً دو خانواده دارويی جدا هستند يکی اثر ضد التهاب داره و اون يکی يک التهاب هم ايجاد ميکنه و باعث رشد ماهيچها ميشود
Insulin Doping in Horses: New Test Developed
Insulin Doping in Horses: New Test Developed
by: Stacey Oke, DVM, MSc
Insulin Doping in Horses: New Test Developed
by: Stacey Oke, DVM, MSc
-
A test able to detect even the smallest amount of insulin in horse urine has recently been developed to aid in the detection of insulin doping in racehorses, according to a group of researchers from the Hong Kong Jockey Club's Racing labora...tory.
Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, is primarily used to treat patients with diabetes mellitus. Because horses are rarely diagnosed with this condition, there currently are no pharmaceutical grades of equine insulin commercially available. Thus, affected horses are administered unapproved forms of insulin, including human, pig, and cow insulin as well as synthetic forms.
Because of insulin's ability to build muscle and improve endurance, the practice of illegally administering insulin to racehorses has become more common.
Scot Waterman, DVM, executive director and chief operating officer of the Racing and Medication & Testing Consortium in Lexington, Ky., said, "Anything that isn't expressly permitted by rule is prohibited (in racing). Insulin is not permitted so a lab finding would be a violation."
Hong Kong Jockey Club researchers recently tested nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for its efficacy in detecting insulin in horse urine as a method of drug testing.
In this laboratory technique, individual ingredients in a liquid sample (in this case horse urine) are separated in a tiny tube (called a liquid chromatography column). As the ingredients are separated, their chemical composition is analyzed by mass spectrometry, and each individual ingredient can be identified by comparing the chemical compounds to a database. This is a rapid, reliable technique widely used in other forms of drug testing.
Using this technique, the team was able to positively detect human insulin in urine samples collected from two horses administered a single 10 IU (international units) dose of the insulin Humulin R up to four hours after administration. According to the study authors, this test provides "direct proof of the applicability of urine doping control testing of insulin in horses."
According to Waterman, this new test would be a suitable addition to the U.S. racing community: "Any new method to detect potential doping substances is always a welcome occurrence."
The study, "Doping control analysis of insulin and its analogues in equine urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry," was published in February 2001 in the Journal of Chromatography. The abstract is available on PubMed. - Thanks to The horse.comا
-
Comparing Bute and Firocoxib Safety (AAEP 2010)
Comparing Bute and Firocoxib Safety (AAEP 2010)
by: Stacey Oke, DVM, MSc
by: Stacey Oke, DVM, MSc
-
- http://www.facebook.com/pages/Jumpers/187545811212
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) firocoxib had fewer side effects than phenylbutazone in horses after 42 days of treatment, according to scientists from Merial Limited who presented comparative research results at the 2010 C...onvention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), held Dec. 4-8 in Baltimore, Md.
Phenylbutazone, or "Bute" as it is commonly called, is useful for controlling pain and/or inflammation in many equine veterinary cases, but its use is not without risk. Side effects such as gastric ulcer formation and kidney damage can occur.http://www.facebook.com/pages/Jumpers/187545811212 - Like phenylbutazone, firocoxib is also a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is approved to control pain and inflammation associated with equine osteoarthritis at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg once daily for up to 14 days.
Bute, considered a "pio...neer" NSAID, inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory molecules (called prostaglandins, produced from fatty acids) by blocking the action of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX, which makes the prostaglandins from the fatty acids). Unfortunately, Bute blocks some "good" prostaglandins, such as those that protect the lining of the stomach. Newer NSAIDs such as firocoxib are more selective and mostly block the production of "bad" prostaglandins; therefore, these are thought to have fewer untoward side effects.
The research team treated 42 horses with various dose levels of firocoxib and phenylbutazone once daily by mouth (orally) for 42 days. They found:
There was an 88% increase in gastric ulceration in the horses treated with therapeutic levels of phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg), compared to only an 11% increase in horses in the control group and those treated with elevated levels of firocoxib (0.5 mg/kg);
Microscopic damage to the gastrointestinal tract occurred following phenylbutazone, but investigators did not note any damage even after administering five times the therapeutic level of firocoxib; and
The researchers noted microscopic damage to the kidneys following administration of therapeutic doses of phenylbutazone, but they noted similar damage only in the higher-dose firocoxib-treated horses.
The research team concluded that after 42 days of treatment at therapeutic levels, firocoxib was well-tolerated, whereas phenylbutazone was associated with gastrointestinal ulceration and tubulointerstitial nephropathy (a type of kidney damage that can lead to kidney failure).http://www.facebook.com/pages/Jumpers/187545811212
- Prostaglandins and COX
COX is the abbreviation for cyclooxygenase--a key enzyme in the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from a particular fatty acid called arachadonic acid. Some prostaglandins (such as prostaglandin E) are "bad..." prostaglandins because they are potent pro-inflammatory molecules; however, many "good" prostaglandins are also produced. These good prostaglandins play important roles in regular, healthy metabolic pathways such as:
• Blood clotting;
• Kidney function;
• Gastrointestinal health;
• Wound healing;
• Bone metabolism;
• Growth of nerves; and
• Immune function, among others.
Classic NSAIDs, like phenylbutazone, inhibit the production of both the "good" and the "bad" prostaglandins (and related compounds), whereas newer NSAIDs primarily inhibit only the "bad" prostaglandins. This is because there is more than one type of COX. The two main forms of the enzyme existed are COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 produces many of the "good" prostaglandins whereas COX-2 is primarily responsible for the production of the pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. COX-2 does contribute to some beneficial activities such as wound healing and maintaining blood flow to the kidney. As a result, traditional NSAIDs that block both COX-1 and COX-2 have slowly been replaced with NSAIDs that preferentially block COX-2, thus preserving the function of COX-1. These newer-generation COX-2 NSAIDs selectively block COX-2 rather than COX-1, resulting in potent anti-inflammatory properties with fewer side effects.
- Thanks to thehorse.comا